User:Mariordo
From BioenergyWiki
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My Favorite Quotations
"The more I learn the more I know there is to know", or "The only true knowledge is knowledge of one's own ignorance", adapted from Socrates "I know nothing except the fact of my ignorance", as quoted in Lives of Eminent Philosophers
"The game of science is, in principle, without end. He who decides one day that scientific statements do not call for any further test, and that they can be regarded as finally verified, retires from the game". Karl Popper, 1935, in "The Logic of Scientific Discovery"
"Unthinking respect for authority is the greatest enemy of truth", Albert Einstein.
"Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution". Albert Einstein.
"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence", Carl Sagan.
"Our aim as scientists is objective truth; more truth, more interesting truth, more intelligible truth. We cannot reasonably aim at certainty. Once we realize that human knowledge is fallible, we realize also that we can never be completely certain that we have not made a mistake" Karl Popper.
"Passion (in any argument) is inversely proportional to the amount of real information available", Gregory Benford.
"Scientific beliefs are supported by evidence, and they get results. Myths and faiths are not and do not", Richard Dawkins.
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Some of my key contributions in Wikipedia
| Comparison of key characteristics between the ethanol industries in the United States and Brazil | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Brazil | United States | Units/comments |
| Feedstock | Sugar cane | Maize | Main cash crop for ethanol production, the US has less than 2% from other crops. |
| Total ethanol production (2007) [1] | 5,019.2 | 6,498.6 | Million U.S. liquid gallons |
| Total arable land [2] | 355 | 270(1) | Million hectares. |
| Total area used for ethanol crop [2][3] | 3.6 (1%) | 10 (3.7%) | Million hectares (% total arable) |
| Productivity per hectare [2][4][3][5] | 6,800-7,500 | 3,800-4,000 | Liters of ethanol per hectare. Brazil is 727 to 870 gal/acre (2006), US is 321 to 424 gal/acre (2006) |
| Energy balance (input energy productivity) [6][3][7] | 8.3 to 10.2 times | 1.3 to 1.6 times | Ratio of the energy obtained from ethanol to the energy expended in its production |
| Estimated greenhouse gas emission reduction [8][3][9] | 86-90%(2) | 10-30%(2) | % GHGs avoided by using ethanol instead of gasoline, using existing crop land. |
| Estimated payback time for greenhouse gas emission[10] | 17 years(3) | 93 years(3) | Brazilian cerrado for sugar cane and US grassland for corn. Land use change scenarios by Fargione et al. [11] |
| Ethanol fueling stations in the counrty[4][12] | 33,000 (100%) | 873 (0,5%) | As % of total fueling gas stations in the country. U.S. has 170,000 (see Inslee, op cit pp. 161) |
| Fuel ethanol used by the road transport sector [13][14] | 20%(4) | 3.6% | As % of the sector's total on a volumetric basis for 2006. |
| Cost of production (USD/gallon) [4] | 0.83 | 1.14 | 2006/2007 for Brazil (22¢/liter), 2004 for U.S. (35¢/liter) |
| Government subsidy (in USD) [2][12] | 0 | 0.51/gallon | U.S. as of 2008-04-30. Brazilian ethanol production is no longer subsidized. |
| Import tariffs (in USD) [6][4] | 0 | 0.54/gallon | As of April 2008, Brazil does not import ethanol, the U.S. does |
| Notes: (1) Only contiguous U.S., excludes Alaska. (2) Assuming no land use change.[9] (3) Assuming direct land use change.[11] (4) Excluding diesel-powered vehicles, ethanol consumption in the road sector is more than 40%[4][12] | |||
| Year | Alcohol E100 Manufactured | Flex fuel Cars Manufactured | Total Cars Manufactured | % Ethanol Cars |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1979 | 3,328 | | 912,018 | 0.4 |
| 1980 | 239,251 | | 933,152 | 25.6 |
| 1986 | 619,854 | | 815,152 | 76.0 |
| 1990 | 71,523 | | 663,084 | 10.8 |
| 1998 | 1,188 | | 1,254,016 | 0.1 |
| 2000 | 9,428 | | 1,361,361 | 0.7 |
| 2002 | 48,022 | | 1,521,431 | 3.2 |
| 2003 | 31.728 | 39.853 | 1,361,361 | 4.8 |
| 2004 | 49.796 | 282.706 | 1,862,780 | 17,8 |
| 2005 | 43.278 | 776.164 | 2,011,817 | 40.7 |
| 2006 | 758 | 1.249.062 | 2.092,003 | 59.7 |
| 2007 | 3 | 1,716,716 | 2,388,402 | 71.9 |
| Source: Brazilian Automakers Association (ANFAVEA), 2007 and 2008. [15][16] Data shown for FFs does not included light commercial vehicles. | ||||
| Note: No longer alcohol E100 cars are manufactured, only full flexible-fuel vehicles | ||||
| Brazilian ethanol exports by selected country and region (2005-2007)[17][18][19][20] (Millions of liters) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country/Region(1) | 2007 | % | 2006 | % | 2005 | % |
| United States(2) | 932.75 | 26.4 | 1,777.43 | 51.9 | 270.97 | 10.5 |
| CBI countries(3) | 910.29 | 25.8 | 530.55 | 15.5 | 554.15 | 21.4 |
| Jamaica | 308.97 | 131.54 | 133.39 | |||
| El Salvador | 224.40 | 181.14 | 157.85 | |||
| Costa Rica | 170.37 | 91.26 | 126.69 | |||
| Trinidad and Tobago | 158.87 | 71.58 | 36.12 | |||
| Mexico | 42.21 | 50.24 | 100.10 | |||
| European Union | 1,004.17 | 28.4 | 587.31 | 17.1 | 530.73 | 20.5 |
| Netherlands | 808.56 | 346.61 | 259.40 | |||
| Sweden | 116.47 | 204.61 | 245.89 | |||
| Japan | 364.00 | 10.3 | 225.40 | 6.6 | 315.39 | 12.2 |
| Nigeria | 122.88 | 42.68 | 118.44 | |||
| South Korea | 66.69 | 92.27 | 216.36 | |||
| India | 0 | 10.07 | 410.76 | 15.8 | ||
| Total world exports | 3,532.67 | 100 | 3,426.86 | 100 | 2,592.29 | 100 |
| Notes: (1) Only countries with more than 100,000 liters imports on a given year are shown. (2)It includes exports to Puerto Rico and U.S.Virgin Islands. (3) Including Mexico that trades with the U.S. under NAFTA. | ||||||
| Brazilian ethanol production(a) (2004-2007)[1] (Millions of U.S. gallons) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | |
| 3,989 | | | ||
| Note: (a) Ethanol all grades. 2007 is for fuel ethanol only. | ||||
| U.S. fuel ethanol imports by country (2002-2007)[1] (Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | 2007* | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 |
| Brazil | 188.8 | 433.7 | 31.2 | 90.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Jamaica | 75.2 | 66.8 | 36.3 | 36.6 | 39.3 | 29.0 |
| El Salvador | 73.3 | 38.5 | 23.7 | 5.7 | 6.9 | 4.5 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 42.7 | 24.8 | 10.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Costa Rica | 39.3 | 35.9 | 33.4 | 25.4 | 14.7 | 12.0 |
| *Note: 2007 figures through November only. | ||||||
| U.S. fuel ethanol production and imports (2001-2007)[1] (Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Production | Imports | Demand |
| 2001 | 1,770 | n/a | n/a |
| 2002 | 2,130 | 46 | 2,085 |
| 2003 | 2,800 | 61 | 2,900 |
| 2004 | 3,400 | 161 | 3,530 |
| 2005 | 3,904 | 135 | 4,049 |
| 2006 | 4,855 | 653 | 5,377 |
| 2007 | 6,500 | 450 | n/a |
| Note: Demand figures includes stocks change and small exports in 2005 | |||
| Total Annual Ethanol Production (All Grades) by Country (2004-2006)[1] Top 15 countries (Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | Annual Fuel Ethanol Production by Country (2004-2006)[21] Top 15 countries/blocks (Millions of U.S. liquid gallons) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World rank | Country | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | World rank | Country/Region | 2007 |
| 1 | United States | 4,855 | 4,264 | 3,535 | 1 | United States | 6,498.6 |
| 2 | Brazil | 4,491 | 4,227 | 3,989 | 2 | Brazil | 5,019.2 |
| 3 | China | 1,017 | 1,004 | 964 | 3 | European Union | 570.3 |
| 4 | India | 502 | 449 | 462 | 4 | China | 486.0 |
| 5 | France | 251 | 240 | 219 | 5 | Canada | 211.3 |
| 6 | Germany | 202 | 114 | 71 | 6 | Thailand | 79.2 |
| 7 | Russia | 171 | 198 | 198 | 7 | Colombia | 74.9 |
| 8 | Canada | 153 | 61 | 61 | 8 | India | 52.8 |
| 9 | Spain | 122 | 93 | 79 | 9 | Central America | 39.6 |
| 10 | South Africa | 102 | 103 | 110 | 10 | Australia | 26.4 |
| 11 | Thailand | 93 | 79 | 74 | 11 | Turkey | 15.8 |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 74 | 92 | 106 | 12 | Pakistan | 9.2 |
| 13 | Ukraine | 71 | 65 | 66 | 13 | Peru | 7.9 |
| 14 | Poland | 66 | 58 | 53 | 14 | Argentina | 5.2 |
| 15 | Saudi Arabia | 52 | 32 | 79 | 15 | Paraguay | 4.7 |
| World Total | 13,489 | 12,150 | 10,770 | World Total | 13,101.7 | ||
