Indonesia
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| Population: | 245,452,739 (July 2006 est.)[1] |
|---|---|
| GDP (PPP): | $935 billion (2006 est.) [1] |
| Petroleum – consumption – imports: – Gasoline to diesel ratio: | 1.168 million bbl/day (2005 est.)[1] 424,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)[1] ??? |
| Electricity – consumption – Main sources: | 107.7 billion kWh (2005 est.)[1] ??? |
| Renewable energy targets: | ??? |
| Ethanol – production: – target: – feedstocks: | 45 mil. gal./yr. (2005)[2] ??? sugarcane, cassava |
| Biodiesel – production: – target – feedstocks: | ??? ??? ??? |
Information about biofuels and bioenergy in Indonesia.
Contents |
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Events
- 3-14 December 2007, Bali: Meeting of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change & Kyoto Protocol. (Theme: climate change)
- 4 December 2007, Bali (side event at United Nations Conference on Climate Change): Towards a Strategy for Sustainable Production and Trade of Bioenergy. (Theme: biofuels trade)
- 12 December 2007, Bali (side event at United Nations Conference on Climate Change): Promoting Bioenergy Towards Sustainable Development and Climate Change Mitigation: The GBEP Challenge (PDF File). Hosted by the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP) (Themes: Bioenergy, international cooperation)
- 21-22 August 2008, Bali: Jatropha World Summit 2008. (Theme: Jatropha)
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Policy/Initiatives
- Joint Initiative for Biofuel Development - A large scale government initiative to develop a biofuel industry in the country involving multiple government ministries. On 9 January 2007 67 contracts totalling US$12.4 bil. in investments in all stages of biofuel production were signed, with Chinese firms supplying the largest share.[1]
- Banks will also lend US$2.7 billion to support local farmers on the biofuels project.[2]
- Indonesia plans to invest Rupee 200 trillion (€17.3 bn / US$22 bn) over the next five years to promote the use of alternative fuels using crops such as palm oil, cassava, jatropha and sugar cane for the production of biodiesel and ethanol.[3]
- The Government has chosen to decentralise biodiesel production based on jatropha, in 54 micro-sized plants, spread across the country.[4]
- 2 state-owned companies, PT Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia and PT Perkebunan Nusantara III, are building ethanol plants, using [[sugar cane], and biodiesel plants, using palm oil.[5]
- Retailers are allowed to blend 10per cent of biofuels into fuel products and the state oil and gas company Pertamina is retailing biodiesel, made up of 5per cent crude palm oil blended with 95 percent diesel oil.[6]
- 15 private companies are building biodiesel plants, using palm oil with a total capacity of 1 million tonnes (20,000 bpd).[7]
- 10 private companies are building ethanol plants, with cassava and sugar cane as feedstocks with a total production capacity of 170 million liters per year. [8]
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Issues
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Oil palm plantations
- Indonesia has 6 million hectares of land under oil palm and has cleared up to three times as much land for expansion of plantations. According to Indonesian NGO Sawit Watch another 20 million hectares have been allotted under regional development plans, mostly in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and West Papuafor conversion over the next 15 years.1.
- Large scale draining and burning of rain forest and peatlands to clear space for oil palms, as well as logging and pulp industries, threatens biodiversity and may contribute to global warming
- Wetlands Internationaland Delft Hydraulics have issued a report claiming that primarily due to the large scale burning and drying of peatlands, Indonesia is now the world's third largest producer of greenhouse gasses, a huge jump from its current spot at #21.
- Beyond the environmental impact of the increase in oil palm, there are issues regarding the land rights of indigineous people who live in areas that are being given to companies for large-scale plantations. Land for plantations is often given to companies without consultation or compensation for the people who are living there.[3].
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International cooperation
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Organizations
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Academic organizations
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Governmental organizations
- PLN Indonesian government-owned power company. Is currently investing in power plants that will be fueled by a 80% pure plant oil, mostly from oil palm, 20% diesel mix. (source: see news)
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Nongovernmental organizations
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Companies
Some companies that are creating biodiesel plants based on palm oil in Indonesia:
- PT Bakrie Sumatra Plantations Tbk - Indonesian Palm oil and rubber company.
- PT Astra Agro Lestari Tbk - Indonesian palm oil company.
- PT Asian Agri;
- Golden Hope Plantations - (Malaysian), A large Malaysian oil palm company with a strong sustainability focus:
- a strong environmental advocate with global awards including the Forest Stewardship Council Certification (FSC), ISO 14001, ISO 9000, ISO 9001 and COC.
- "It was the first plantation company in Malaysia to receive the Global 500 Award by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) for its “Zero Burning” practices."
- It is also a founder member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)which comprises plantation companies, industries as well as environment-related Non-Governmental Organisations and interest groups.
- Genting Bhd - (Malaysian) Genting Berhad is the investment holding and management company of Genting Group. Asiatic Development Berhad now has a land bank of over 71,000 hectares and is one of the leading and lowest cost palm oil producers in Malaysia.
- Sime Darby Bhd - (Malaysian) The Sime Darby Group is Malaysia's leading multinational and one of Southeast Asia's largest conglomerates. In n addition to its original plantations core business activity, Sime Darby is also a major player in the motor vehicle, heavy equipment, property, and energy & utilies industries.
- [9] - Wilmar Holding Pte Ltd. (Singapore) Is one of Asia’s largest palm oil refiners and crushers of copra and palm kernel. They are also a sizeable oil palm plantation owner with extensive palm fruit processing mills in Indonesia. They are "set to become one of the world's largest producers of palm biodiesel". They are also a member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO)
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News
- Malaysia, Indonesia to cooperate on biofuels, 5 August 2008 by Reuters: "Malaysia and Indonesia will cooperate in a biofuel development program, and may use the same biofuel specifications and amount of blending, Malaysia's commodities minister said on Tuesday."
- "Indonesia and Malaysia, the world's top two palm oil producers, together account for more than 80 percent of the world's crude palm oil output."
- "Indonesia's state oil firm, Pertamina, uses a 2.5 percent blend of biofuel in diesel fuel, and plans to increase the blend to 5 percent, depending on the biofuel price."[10]
- Indonesia adopts stringent "green" palm oil standard, May 7 2008 by Reuters. "Indonesia, the world's biggest palm oil producer, plans to take firm measures aimed at ensuring palm oil firms meet stringent standards before labeling their products as eco-friendly, an industry watchdog said on Wednesday."
- A who's who of Indonesian biofuel, 22 May 2007, from Asia Times Online. Many of the companies that are now investing heavily in Indonesia's biodiesel industry are the sames ones that "incurred and defaulted on huge foreign debts in the wake of the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis. Few fully repaid their debts and today they still dominate the country's logging, wood-processing and pulp industries. Several also have highly suspect environmental records."
- Brazil and Indonesia in biofuels agreement, 15 March 2007 from Green Car Congress. Brazil and Indonesia have signed an agreement for cooperation on biofuels. The memorandum for the creation of a Brazil-Indonesia Consultative Committee on Biofuels sets the stage for Brazil to help Indonesia develop its ethanol industry. Indonesia is planning on using 2.25 million hectares to grow sugarcane and cassava as feedstocks for ethanol production.
- Indonesian power plants start using biofuel to cut costs 2 December 2006 from Xinhua News Agency. Indonesia's state-owned power firm Perusahaan Listrik Negara (PLN) will start using biofuel, pure plant oil (ppo) from oil palm and other feedstocks, to fire 114 small- and medium-scale power plants around the country beginning next year.
- West Java, Indonesia Farmers to Produce Cassava for Ethanol 1 December 2006, from biopact. Farmers will cooperate with South Korean firm LBL Network Co Ltd and be assisted by the West-Java provincial authorities. Subang, Indramayu, Sumedang and Kuningan district will make 50,000 hectares of land available to grow cassava, in exchange for a beneficial supply contract.
- Indonesia Building Tens of Biofuel plants, including micro-sized facilities, November 7, 2006 from biopact.com. The Indonesian government has dropped plans to build several centralized biodiesel plants and "has instead chosen to decentralise biodiesel production based on jatropha, in 54 micro-sized plants, spread across the country".
- Indonesia ranked 3rd for greenhouse gas emissions 6 November 2006 from the Jakarta Post (requires free registration). "Indonesia has jumped to third place from 21st behind the United States and China as the world's top contributor of greenhouse gasses because of its clearing and burning of peatland areas". Emissions reached 2 billion tons of carbon dioxide a year -- almost a 10th of world greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Indonesia emits 6.5 times as much CO2 from degraded peatlands as it does by burning fossil fuels every year, while it produces more gases than all the efforts of western countries to reduce. The peatlands are burned to make way for oil palm plantations among other uses.
- Comparing the Effect of Palm and Jatropha Biodiesel in a Diesel Engine November 3, 2006, from greencarcongress.com. "Researchers at Indonesia’s Institut Teknologi Bandung have compared the effects and performance of biodiesel fuels derived from two different feedstocks of importance to that country—palm oil and jatropha—in a direct-injection diesel engine."
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Provinces
- West Java Province
- South Korean company LBL Network Ltd is investing in bio-ethanol production utilizing cassava (Manihot esculanta) as a feedstock. According to "Largest Bio-ethanol Factory to be Built", 1 December 2006 in TEMPO Interactive, LBL Network Ltd "signed a Memorandum of Understanding with West Java Province and the governments of Kuningan, Subang, Sumedang and Indramayu regencies". The provincial government will assist farmers to plant the crops, and the company PT Mitra Sae International will administer local operations, with a "manufacturing capacity of 200 million liters of ethanol per year," Indonesia's largest, costing $100 million. Some 50 thousand hectares of land will be needed to sustain the required production of 1.2 million tons of feedstock annually.[4]
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/id.html
- ↑ http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/#E
- ↑ Promised Land - Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples by Marcus Colchester, Norman Jiwan, Andiko, Martua Sirait, Asep Yunan Firdaus, A. Surambo, Herbert Pane; Forest Peoples Programme, Perkumpulan Sawit Watch, HuMA and the World Agroforestry Centre, 2006. Executive summary p. 11-17.
- ↑ "Largest Bio-ethanol Factory to be Built", 1 December 2006 in TEMPO Interactive
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