Sweet sorghum
From BioenergyWiki
Bioenergy > Feedstocks > Ethanol feedstocks > Sweet sorghum
| NOTICE | ||
| The BioenergyWiki is no longer being actively updated -- but we welcome new content. You can create a new user account by following the instructions available at the Login page. | ||
| |||
| Average yield: | 110 tons per hectare for two cropping seasons in 8 months[1] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| biofuel yield: | {{{biofuel yield}}} | ||
| Content | ??? | ||
| Water requirements: | ??? | ||
| Soil preference: | ??? | ||
| Harvesting: | ??? | ||
| Harvesting season: | ??? | ||
| Advantages: | ??? | ||
| Disadvantages: | ??? | ||
| Other issues: | ??? | ||
Contents |
History
Sweet sorghum is an African native plant. It is known as one of the world oldest crops and it is likely that African slaves introduced the crop to the United States in the 17th century.
Nutrient Value
Sorghum Grain: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=food+value+sorghum
Sorghum Syrup: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=food+value+sorghum&a=*DPClash.ExpandedFoodE.sorghum-_*SorghumSyrup-
Sustainability
Environmental Sustainability
Greenhouse Gases
Biodiversity
Sweet sorghum is a highly competitive crop and can dominate over many weeds and other plants.
Pollution
In general fertilisers inputs are: 30-60 kg/ha of P, 60-120 kg/ha of K, 150 kg/ha of N. Even though sweet sorghum is a very competitive crop, several herbicides are available to compliment cultural and mechanical practices.
Land Degradation
Nutrient needs of sorghum are similar of the ones of corn. Sorghum uses relatively large amounts of nitrogen and moderate amounts of phosphorus and potassium. The grain in a 100-bushel per acre grain sorghum crop removes about 100 lbs. of nitrogen, 14 lbs. of phosphorous, and 14 lbs. of potassium.
Social Sustainability
Ethanol is produced from the sweet juice available in the stalk of the crop plant. The grains can still be used for food and feed purposes. Sweet sorghum has a higher vitamin and protein content than honey and can be used for the production of syrup, flour, and a popcorn-like product called pop sorghum kernels.
Sweet sorghum is cheaper to produce than other comparable grains. In India for example, its cost of cultivation is about one-third that of sugarcane.
Projects Using Sweet Sorghum as a Renewable Energy Input Feedstock
http://agrifuels.com.au/OtherSweetSorghumBiofuelProjects.htm
Technology/Science
Properties
Sweet sorghum is a drought resistant plant that needs only about 175 cubic meters of water per crop. This is not even one quarter of the average water requirement of sugarcane crop. Tillers and heads are produced over a longer time period and therefore short periods of drought do not seriously harm pollination and fertilization. In a longer drought, sweet sorghum produces fewer and smaller heads.
The waxy coating of sorgum foliage makes them resist drying and they lose a smaller percentage of their water content than, for instance, corn leaves. The planting season of sweet sorghum, at 100-115 days, is relativley short. The average yield for this period of time is varying between 95-125 tons.
Sweet sorghum has a very high sugar content, varying from 15 to over 20 percent. Maximum yields are achived at average temperatures of at least 80°F. Photosynthesis is best at day-time temperatures higher than 90°F. During planting time the sorghum seed needs soil temperatures of 60-65°F.
Economics/Policy
Publications
- CGIAR (ICRISAT) flyer (January 2007) on Sweet Sorghum: Sweet Sorghum: A water saving, bio-energy crop for the Philippines
News
- S. African Biofuel Plan May Boost Sorghum Sixfold, Grain Says, 12 December 2011 by Businessweek.com: "South Africa’s proposed mandatory blending of biofuels with gasoline and diesel may signal the start of a biofuels industry and boost sorghum output sixfold, an economist at the farmers’ body Grain SA said."
- "The nation produced 155,000 tons in the last season, according to the Crop Estimates Committee. The average annual crop was 226,000 tons in the five years to 2006, according to a report on the National Agricultural Marketing Council website."
- "A 2007 government proposal to establish a commercial biofuels industry was insufficient to attract investments. Sasol Ltd., South Africa’s largest fuel supplier, Ethanol Africa Ltd. and National Biofuels Group Ltd. canceled or delayed projects."
- "South Africa could introduce mandatory blending of as much as 10 percent 'without compromising food security in terms of food availability,' he said."[1]
- Sweet sorghum eyed as biofuel, 23 April 2011 by Mb.com.ph: "A group of international scientists and crops experts based in India agreed on Saturday to help boost the production of sweet sorghum in a province of the Philippines as an alternative source of energy or biofuel."
- "The Indian experts will team up with Pemdas Energy Corporation, based here, and the Pampanga Agricultural College (PAC) for the planting and mass production of sweet sorghum."[2]
- Biofuels Don't Threaten Food Security - Study, 30 August 2010 by Catherine Riungu: "'Crops can be produced for bioenergy on a significant scale in West, East and Southern Africa without affecting food production or natural habitats,' said the joint report by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, Imperial College London, and Camco International."
- "'If approached with the proper policies and processes and with the inclusion of all the various stakeholders, bioenergy is not only compatible with food production; it can greatly benefit agriculture in Africa,' said Rocio Diaz-Chavez, the report's lead author and research fellow at Imperial College, London."
- 'Bioenergy production can bring investments in land, infrastructure and human resources that could help unlock Africa's idle potential and positively increase food production,' she added."
- "Among the report's findings is that there is enough land to significantly increase the cultivation of crops such as sugarcane, sorghum, and jatropha for biofuels without diminishing food production."[3]
- Read the full report: Mapping Food and Bioenergy in Africa (PDF)
- Africa Can Grow Biofuel Crops Without Harming Food, Habitats, Study Shows, 23 July 2010 by Rudy Ruitenberg: "A study of biofuel production in Senegal, Mali, Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia and Mozambique found enough land is available to “significantly” raise cultivation of sugar cane, sorghum and jatropha for energy production without reducing food output, the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, or FARA, said in a statement today."
- "In less developed African countries, yields may be tripled by “improved management practices,” potentially freeing up land for energy crops, the researchers said. Farmers in Nigeria produce about 1.8 metric tons of corn a hectare (2.47 acres), less than half the world average and under a fifth of U.S. yields, according to data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture."[4]
- Read the full report here: Mapping Food and Bioenergy in Africa (PDF)
- "In less developed African countries, yields may be tripled by “improved management practices,” potentially freeing up land for energy crops, the researchers said. Farmers in Nigeria produce about 1.8 metric tons of corn a hectare (2.47 acres), less than half the world average and under a fifth of U.S. yields, according to data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture."[4]
- Growth Energy proposes shift in fuel policy, 15 July 2010 by Ethanol Producer Magazine: "With the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit, set to expire at the end of the year, Growth Energy is calling for a change in the way ethanol tax incentives are used and an eventual phase out of governmental support of ethanol."
- Growth Energy’s "Fueling Freedom Plan calls for, ideally, a five-year extension to VEETC. However, rather than provide the all incentive money to blenders, the oil industry, Growth Energy is advocating that some of that tax money go to installing 200,000 blender pumps and ethanol pipelines."
- "On the same day as Growth Energy’s announcement, RFA [the Renewable Fuels Association] joined with the American Coalition for Ethanol, the National Corn Growers Association and the National Sorghum Producers to lend its support to the current tax incentive legislation" that would "extend ethanol tax incentives through 2015."[5]
- FAO Releases Report on Bioenergy and Food Security in Tanzania, June 2010 by Climate-L.org: "The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) has released a report on “Bioenergy and Food Security: The BEFS Analysis for Tanzania,” which aims to support the development of bioenergy policies that are aligned with Tanzania’s poverty reduction and food security strategies."
- "The BEFS analytical framework is composed of five components: biomass potential; biofuel supply chain production costs; agriculture markets; economy wide impacts; and household level food security. The Tanzania case study examines: cassava, sugar cane, palm oil, jatropha, sweet sorghum and sunflower for bioenergy analyses; and maize, cassava and rice for food security analyses."[6]
- Download the full report: Bioenergy and Food Security: The BEFS Analysis for Tanzania
- "The BEFS analytical framework is composed of five components: biomass potential; biofuel supply chain production costs; agriculture markets; economy wide impacts; and household level food security. The Tanzania case study examines: cassava, sugar cane, palm oil, jatropha, sweet sorghum and sunflower for bioenergy analyses; and maize, cassava and rice for food security analyses."[6]
- China and Singapore to jointly engineer dedicated energy crops, Biopact, 11 December 2007: Scientific institutions in Singapore and China have agreed to begin joint research into developing energy rich hybrid plants. Sweet sorghum is to be a main focus.
- Can Sorghum Solve the Biofuels Dilemma?, 13 May 2007 from WBCSD: A new crop that provides food, animal feed and fuel at the same time promises to help developing countries redirect money spent on oil imports to benefit their own farmers. Is sweet sorghum biofuel's "holy grail"?
- Sweet super sorghum - yield data for the ICRISAT hybrid, 21 February 2007 from Biopact: The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) released the yield data for its drought-resistant sweet sorghum hybrid called SSH 104 from trials in the Philippines.
- ICRISAT harnesses ethanol from drought tolerant sweet sorghum, 25 January 2007 from Biopact: "The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), presented its first batch of ethanol made from sweet sorghum as an alternative source of biofuel to Philippine President."
Countries
Sweet sorghum is grown worldwide on about 44 million hectares in almost one hundred different countries. It is therefore the fifth most important cereal crop in the world. The major producers are the United States, India, Nigeria, China, Mexico, Sudan and Argentina.
External Resources
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_sorghum - Information about Sweet sorghum on Wikipedia.
- [7] - Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Association.
- LAMNET Latin America Thematic Network on Bioenergy. Publication on "Sweet Sorghum - One of the best world food-feed-energy crop".
Events
- 27-28 January 2011, Orlando, Florida, USA: 2011 Sweet Sorghum Ethanol Conference. (Themes: ethanol, sweet sorghum)
- 19-22 August 2008, Houston, Texas, USA: International Conference on Sorghum for Biofuel. Sponsored by the USDA Agricultural Research Service Office of International Research Programs and Texas A&M University). (Themes: conversion technology, sorghum, etc.)
- 20-21 November 2008, Hainan, China: Sorghum & Ethanol Summit. (Themes: sorghum, ethanol)
Notes
| Tropical feedstocks for bioenergy | edit | |
| Bamboo (Charcoal) | Cassava (Biodiesel and Bioethanol) | Coconut palm (Biodiesel) | Jatropha (Biodiesel) | Nypa palm (Bioethanol) | Oil palm (Biodiesel) | Sugar cane (Bioethanol) | ||
| Bioenergy feedstocks | edit | |
|
Biodiesel feedstocks: Ethanol feedstocks: | ||
 Navigation
| ||
|
What is bioenergy? | Benefits/Risks | Who is doing what? | ||
