Biogas
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- Biogas is a biologically generated renewable energy that can be produced from organic wastes by simple systems and used for cooking, lighting, heating, absorption refrigeration, etc.
- Biogas consists mostly of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and a mix of trace gases including nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), hydrogen and others.[1]
- Biogas is produced when biomass decomposes in an oxygen-free environment in a process called anaerobic digestion.
- It can be burned in its natural form in a variety of applications, and if cleaned can be put directly into the natural gas grid.[2]
| YouTube video demonstrating use of biogas digesters in a rural village in China. |
Contents |
Feedstocks
Readily degradable organic matter, such as effluent & sewage, animal waste, grass clippings, waste paper, leftover food.
Technologies
Simple to complex!
Companies
- Biogas Nord - "Biogas Nord is an engineering firm that has specialised in the development, planning, construction and operation of biogas plants since the mid-90s."[1]
- BIOTEC - BIOTEC creates "conceptual tools, technologies and methods adapted to Tropical regions for wastewater treatment (farming, agro-industrial and urban sectors) and organic solid waste management", including for biogas.[2]
- ENERGYBIO - Energybio is involved in large scale biogas development, construction and consultancy for total waste management across the globe.[3]
- EnviTec Biogas - EnviTec Biogas is a company in the biogas industry in Germany. They finance and manufacture biogas block heat power plants, which use organic wastes to produce heat and electricity.
- FirmGreen Energy, Inc. Converts landfill gas into clean fuels such as biogas (CNG), biodiesel, and hydrogen for fleet fueling operations.
- OGIN biogas B.V. - "OGIN Biogas develops and delivers biogas installations, based on industrial concepts for agriculture and industry."
- Organic Waste Systems - Produces anaerobic digesters that convert waste and biomass into biogas, including glycerin, a biodiesel co-product.
- See also Glycerin as biogas feedstock from biopact, 27 December 2006.
- Prometheus Energy - Prometheus Energy captures biogas from waste or low-quality sources such as landfills, stranded gas wells, wastewater treatment facilities, agricultural operations and coalbed methane . They then liquify the gas so it can be used as transportation fuel.
- SEaB Energy Ltd - "SEaB Energy Ltd is a designer, manufacturer & installer of renewable energy micro generation systems, specialising in anaerobic digestion & wind energy for small local installations." [4]
- ZORG Biogas - "ZORG is biogas plants construction company" that works "at the junction of several sciences – biotechnology, construction and engineering."[5]
Websites
News
- Global Renewable Capacity Continues to Grow in 2009, Fueled by Policy and Ongoing Investment, 15 July 2010 by REN21: "REN21 is pleased to release its annual publication – the Renewables 2010 Global Status Report (PDF file)".
- "Highlights of 2009 include:
- "Renewable energy has an important role in providing modern energy access to the billions of people in developing countries that continue to depend on more traditional sources of energy, both for households and small industries....More than 30 million households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scale digesters....Biomass cookstoves are used by 40 percent of the world’s population."[6]
- Download the full report, Renewables Global Status Report 2010 (PDF file)
- "Highlights of 2009 include:
- China Farm Gets Shocking Amount of Power From Cow Poop, 6 May 2010 by The New York Times: "A 250,000-head dairy operation in northeast China plans to open the world's largest cow manure-fed power project in September, according to General Electric Co., the company supplying four biogas turbines to the Liaoning Huishan Cow Farm in Shenyang. For comparison, the largest U.S. dairy farms have 15,000 cattle."
- "China's newest livestock digester will reduce piles of dung, yield fertilizer and heat, and will supply 38,000 megawatt-hours of power annually to the state's power grid, enough to meet the average demand of some 15,000 Chinese residents. It produces biogas, a methane and carbon dioxide mix emanating from manure, grease, sewage or other organic materials allowed to stew in an oxygen-free chamber."
- "The barriers to the expansion of biogas are about economics, not technology, and how long it takes for biogas projects to pay off varies country by country."
- "The biogas field could be one more example of the ways the United States is falling behind China. Yesterday, Energy Secretary Steven Chu said that the United States is lagging behind China, which provides strong tax incentives for a host of renewable energy technologies."[7]
- EPA Administrator and Agriculture Secretary Team Up to Promote Farm Energy Generation, 3 May 2010 press release by USDA: "U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Lisa P. Jackson today announced a new interagency agreement promoting renewable energy generation and slashing greenhouse gas emissions from livestock operations. The agreement expands the work of the AgSTAR program, a joint EPA-USDA effort that helps livestock producers reduce methane emissions from their operations."
- "The collaboration will expand technical assistance efforts, improve technical standards and guidance for the construction and evaluation of biogas recovery systems, and expand outreach to livestock producers and assist them with pre-feasibility studies."
- "Biogas is composed primarily of methane, a greenhouse gas 20 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Biogas emitted from manure management systems called digesters can be collected and used to produce electricity, heat or hot water."[8]
- PRC's Drive to Tap Biogas in Rural Sector Gets ADB Loan, 19 April 2010 press release by the Asian Development Bank: "The People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) drive to expand the use of biogas energy generated from waste materials is getting support from a $66.08 million Asian Development Bank (ADB) loan."
- "The financial assistance for the Integrated Renewable Biomass Energy Development Sector Project has been approved by ADB's Board of Directors. The loan will be used to help construct biogas plants in poor rural areas of Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangxi and Shandong provinces, benefiting 118 livestock farms and agricultural enterprises.
- "The project will introduce high-temperature flare technology to minimize methane gas emissions from the plants. It will support the manufacture of bio-fertilizers from biogas sludge for eco-farming, aiding the government’s push to encourage the reuse and recycling of organic waste."
- "Under PRC’s Medium- and Long-Term Development Plan for Renewable Energy, about 10,000 large-scale biogas plants are earmarked to be set up on livestock farms by 2020 with an annual biogas yield of up to 14 billion cubic meters."[9]
- Hoping for a Green Renewal, Mich. City Will Turn Sewage to Fuel, 2 November 2009 by the Washington Post: Flint, Michigan, "and local Kettering University have teamed up with a Swedish company to turn Flint's municipal sewage into fuel for its bus fleet while reducing or ending the need to incinerate sewage sludge."
- "The company, Swedish Biogas International, received a $4 million grant from Michigan's Centers of Energy Excellence program to develop the biogas system, which officials hope will begin powering buses by next summer. Producing methane from sewage, landfills and manure is common in the United States, but the gas is more often burned onsite to produce electricity rather than compressed and purified for use by vehicles."[10]
- Tanzanian coffee farmers convert waste water into biogas, 23 April 2007, from the BBC. A bio-gas converter is being tested in Tanzania. The machine that washes and prepares the green beans produces streams of highly acidic wastewater. This water can be fed into an anaerobic digester and converted into biogas. which is used instead of diesel to power the machines.
- Environmental Power announces first delivery of pipeline-quality biogas, 27 March 2007 from Biopact.com. Environmental Power Corporation has announced the first delivery in the USof biogas, produced from manure and other agricultural waste streams, into the natural gas pipeline.
- Jenbacher Biogas Engines Power Methane-to-Energy Plant in India, 28 February 2007 from Renewable Energy Access. "A GE Energy Jenbacher biogas engine is powering a demonstration cattle manure-methane cogeneration plant at a dairy complex in Punjab, India, helping to address the region's mounting energy and environmental needs."
- Thailand encourages biogas production from cassava and palm oil waste 5 February 2007 from Biopact. In order to encourage tapioca and palm oil processors to utilize liquid effluent waste for energy production, Thailand's National Energy Policy Council has now increased its purchase price of electricity generated from biogas made from Palm oil mill effluent (POME) and cassava processing effluents, from 2 baht per kilowatt/hour to 2.30 baht. This will encourage very small power producers (VSPP) projects and help improve the environmental balance of biofuels made from those feedstocks.
- NGO brings biogas to the poor in India and becomes member of the Chicago Climate Exchange 24 January 2007 from Biopact. "Andhyodaya, an NGO based in Kerala, India, which promotes biogas production among poor farmers, has become the first Indian member of a United States-based private climate exchange... Andhyodaya's 20,000 small-scale biogas projects have led to cuts equivalent to 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide -- or the annual emissions from about 8,000 cars."
- Prometheus Produces World's First Commercial LNG from Landfill Gas; Targeted for Public Transit Fuel 26 January 2007 from Green Car Congress. Prometheus Energy Company has begun producing liquefied natural gas (LNG) from the world's first landfill gas-to-LNG plant in California. The liquified biogas will be used as an alternative fuel in public transport vehicles.
- Wastewater Plant Turns Kitchen Grease Into Biogas 21 Nov 2006 from WaterandWasteWater.com. Chevron Energy Solutions and the City of Millbrae, California have completed new facilities at Millbrae's Water Pollution Control Plant that uses inedible kitchen grease from restaurants to naturally produce biogas for generating renewable power and heat to treat the city's wastewater. The grease and other organic matter will produce enough biogas at the plant to generate about 1.7 million kilowatt hours annually, which will meet 80 percent of the plant's power needs and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.2 million pounds annually.
Biogas in rural development
Publications
Reports
- The Challenge of Sustainable Bioenergy: Balancing climate protection, biodiversity and development policy - A Discussion Paper by Gerald Knauf, Jürgen Maier (German NGO Forum Environment & Development), Nikki Skuce (OneSky - Canada) and Annie Sugrue (CURES Southern Africa). This discussion paper looks at the challenges of sustainable bioenergy and makes suggestions for sustainable development including a focus on the use of biomass for heat and power, biogas as a transportation fuel as opposed to liquid biofuels.
- Biogas And Others In Natural Gas Operations (Bongo): A Project Under Development (pdf) by M. van Burgel, co-authors O. Florisson and D. Pinchbeck, paper presented at 23rd World Gas Conference, Amsterdam 2006.
- Biogas Technology And Integrated Development (Experiences From Sri Lanka)(.doc) by Sanjeevani Munasinghe; Practical Action.
- Health, Ecological, Energy And Economic Impacts Of Integrated Agricultural Bioenergy Systems In China And Institutional Strategies For Their Successful Diffusion (pdf) by John Byrne, Young-Doo Wang, William Ritter (supervisors); Center for Energy and Environment Policy, U. of Delaware, October 2004.
Scientific papers
- Biogas Production from Energy Crops and Crop Residues by Annimari Lehtomäki; dissertation, University of Jyväskylä, May 2006.
Books
- The Biogas Handbook by David House; Several downloadable chapters.
Events
- 31 May – 3 June 2011, Moscow, Russia: WasteTech-2011: The 7th International Trade Fair on Waste Management, Recycling and Environmental Technology (PDF). For more information and pre-registration form visit the event website. (Themes: biogas, biomass, technologies, waste, wastewater)
- 12-13 April 2010, New Delhi, India: Algae Biofuel Workshop 2010. (Themes: algae, biofuel, biogas, food vs. fuel, second-generation biofuels, waste)
- 5-6 May 2010, Bremen, Germany: Waste to Energy: International Exhibition & Conference for Energy from Waste and Biomass. (Themes: anaerobic digestion, biogas, biomass, bio-methane gas distribution, pyrolysis, sewage, waste-to-energy)
- 22-23 June 2010, Milan, Italy: Biogas Europe. (Themes: biogas, cogeneration, European regulatory framework, biogas infrastructure, markets, technology, waste feedstocks)
- 29-30 September 2010, Lyon, France: Biogaz Europe. (Themes: anaerobic digestion, biogas, biomethane, waste)
- 30 September-1 October 2010, Istanbul, Turkey: Bioenergy Markets Turkey. (Themes: biogas, biodiesel, biomass, cogeneration, ethanol, waste)
- 6-7 October 2010, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: European Bioenergy Expo and Conference. (Themes: biodiesel, biogas, biomass, feedstock, waste)
- 7-10 October 2010, Augsburg, Germany: RENEXPO® 2010. (Themes: biofuels, biogas, biomass, cogeneration)
- 13-14 October 2010, San Francisco, California, USA: Biogas USA. (Themes: biogas, markets, technology, waste)
- 18-20 October 2010, Des Moines, Iowa, USA: 10th Annual BioCycle Renewable Energy from Organics Recycling. (Themes: biogas, crop residue, manure, waste)
- 27-29 October 2010, Valladolid, Spain: International Bioenergy Fair. (Themes: agriculture, biofuels, biogas, biomass, forestry, markets, policies)
- 1-2 July 2009, London, UK: Biogas Markets - Strategies & Challenges in Scaling up Biogas Production (Themes: Biogas)
- 22-23 October 2008, Bangkok, Thailand: SNV International Workshop on Financing of Domestic Biogas Plants. (Themes: biogas, financing)
- 6-7 November 2008, Offenberg, Germany: Biogas Expo & Congress (Themes: biogas)
- 11-14 November 2008, Hanover, Germany: BioEnergy Europe. (Themes: biogas, liquid bio-fuels, solid bio-fuels, local energy supply systems)
References
- ↑ Schatz Energy Research Center Biogas study
- ↑ Environmental Power announces first delivery of pipeline-quality biogas
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