Bioenergy timeline
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This page lists key past developments and future goals and anticipated events related to bioenergy.
| Bioenergy timeline | edit | |
| Future goals: 2030 - 2025 - 2022 - 2020 - 2018 - 2017 - 2015 - 2014 - 2013 - 2012 - 2011 - 2010 Past developments: 2010 - 2009 - 2008 - 2007 - 2006 - 2005 - 2004 - 2003 - 2002 - 2001 - 1996 - 1992 - 1981 - 1973 - 1947 - 1942 - 1940 - 1937 - 1935 - 1932 - 1921 - 1918 - 1906 - 1861 - 1860 - 1834 - 1826 | ||
Future goals and anticipated events
2050
- Year by which a suite of fossil fuel alternatives (including electric batteries, biofuels and natural gas) could meet demand for transportation fuel in Europe, according to a European Commission expert group report released in 2011.[1]
2040
- Year by which investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency will begin to pay off, according to a World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) report released in 2011.[2]
2030
- Target year set by the Department of Energy to displace 30 percent of gasoline demand (2004 levels) in the United States with biofuels, primarily ethanol.[3]
- In 2030, some 14 percent of U.S. electricity may be derived from biomass, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (as of 2010).[4]
2025
- Target year set by the "25x'25 coalition" [5] for renewable energy to reach 25% of total energy use in the United States.
- By 2025, meeting demand for wood-fueled power plants in the United States was estimated (in 2010) to require clearing "46,000 square miles of forests -- an area the size of Pennsylvania."[7]
2022
- Target year for annual production of 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels in the United States under the Renewable Fuel Standard, as called for in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (with a limit for corn-based ethanol of 15 billion gallons per year).
2020
- European Union targets call for 10% of fuel use to be met by biofuels[8] and for 20% of total energy use to come from renewable sources.[9]
- United Kingdom targets call "for one-fifth of total energy supply to come from renewable sources" [10] and for 30% of electricity to be generated from renewable sources.[11]
- Target year announced by the aviation industry for annual consumption of 3 billion gallons of biofuels.[12]
- Target year announced by USDA Secretary Vilsack in 2009 for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. dairy industry by 25 percent.[14]
- Target year under California's Low Carbon Fuel Standard (adopted 2009) for reducing California's greenhouse gas emissions, through reducing the carbon intensity of fuels on average by 10 percent.[15]
- Target year (as of 2010) for the "Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves [to] provide 100 million clean-burning biomass cookstoves".[16]
- Target year for the U.S. "Navy to use alternative energy sources to provide 50 percent of the energy for all its war-fighting ships, planes, vehicles and shore installations." [17]
2018
- Year by which "cellulosic biofuels" potentially may become commercially viable, according to a 2008 UN FAO/OECD study.[18]
- Year by which over one-third of U.S. corn output might be used for ethanol production, according to the Department of Agriculture.[19]
2017
- Target year set in September 2008 for petrol and diesel in India to be blended with 20% biofuel.[20]
- Target year under proposal by U.S. President Bush (in his 2007 State of the Union Address) for achieving utilization of 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels within the United States.
2016
2015
- OECD estimates that in "the US, Canada and the European Union government support for the supply and use of biofuels is expected to rise to around USD 25 billion per year." (Source: 2008 OECD press release.)
- An estimated 32 million acres to be devoted globally to production of jatropha, according to a 2008 study by the Global Exchange for Social Investment.[21]
- 30 million acres of U.S. farmland projected to be needed for corn production to meet legislated ethanol production target.[22]
- Target year set by the environmental organization WWF for palm oil to be derived from entirely sustainable sources.[24]
- Target year (established in 2010) for Nestle to source 100 percent of its palm oil from sustainable sources.[25]
- Target year (established in 2010) for all palm oil imported into the Netherlands to be certified as sustainable.[26]
2014
2013
- Year by which "cellulosic biofuels" potentially may become commercially viable, according to a 2008 statement by U.S. Agriculture Secretary Schafer.[27]
2012
- Target year for all flights into and from European airports to be subject to the European carbon trading program.[28]"
- Target year for making cellulosic ethanol cost competitive as an energy source under U.S. Advanced Energy Initiative.
- 14-16 May 2012: Earth Summit 2012 ("Rio+20") to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
2011 (Events/News)
- 2011: Year in which all vehicles in Malaysia are mandated to utilize a B5 biodiesel diesel fuel blend containing five percent processed palm oil (based on a decision made in 2010). [30]
- 1 January 2011: Effective date of the carbon intensity reference values for the Low-Carbon Fuel Standards (LCFS) determined in 2009 by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).[31]
- January 2011: Commencement of regulation of greenhouse gases by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under the Clean Air Act.[32]
- Target year for U.S. consumption of ethanol to reach 15.2 billion gallons under the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.
- Year planned for initiation of operations of Iogen Corp.'s commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol plant in Saskatchewan, Canada. (Source: [33])
- Target year for commercial production of ethanol from municipal waste, according to a statement in 2008 by the company Ineos. (Source: [34] )
- "One-year extension of a [ US ] tax credit giving refiners nearly 12 cents of federal cash for every litre of corn ethanol they blend into gasoline. A tariff of more than 14 cents per litre on imported ethanol was also extended through 2011." [35]
Past developments
2010
- 2010: Global food prices remained high into 2010 after peaking in 2008, "when global food prices jumped in part due to a smaller U.S. wheat harvest and demand for crops to use in biofuels."[36]
- Target year set by the European Commission for increasing usage of biofuels within the European Union.
- Target year for The Netherlands to achieve 5.75% biofuel content for gasoline and diesel. [37]
- Target year under the United Kingdom's Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) for biofuel to account for 5% of total petrol and diesel sales.
- Target year set by a 1992 U.S. energy law for "30 percent of the fuel used to run U.S. cars and trucks...[to] come from ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, electricity or other replacement fuels." (Source: U.S. sees delay in big rise in alternative motor fuels)
- U.S. production of corn-based ethanol "estimated to double, to 10 billion gallons (38 billion liters), by 2010," according to a 2006 estimate.[39]
- Year of expiration of U.S. Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC), which provides a 51-cent-per-gallon subsidy to U.S. ethanol producers.
- 1 January 2010: Expiration of United States' federal tax credit of $1 per gallon for biodiesel production.[40]
- 1 February 2010: The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) of the United States approves regulations to assess life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels, including emissions resulting from indirect land-use change.[41]
- March 2010: issuance of a report by the European Commission concerning greenhouse gas emissions from biofuel production.[42]
- 31 March 2010: U.S. President Obama announces new policies for use of biofuels in military vehicles.[43]
- 20 April 2010: Major oil spill from BP's Deepwater Horizon platform in the Gulf of Mexico (U.S.); impacts ongoing debates related to energy issues, including climate change legislation.
- 26 May 2010: Signing of an agreement between Indonesia and Norway for cooperation on forest conservation and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions; includes "a two-year moratorium on new concessions" in Indonesia "to clear natural forests and peatlands" (which are mainly cleared to meet demand for palm oil plantations).[44]
- 13 October 2010: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issues decision allowing "15% ethanol fuel (E15) to be sold for use in cars and light trucks placed on the market from 2007 onwards."[46]
- 18-29 October 2010: Meeting of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in Nagoya, Japan, to include addressing the impacts of biofuels on biodiversity.
- 22 November 2010: Al Gore, former Vice President of the United States, quoted in a speech as saying that supporting corn ethanol was "not a good policy."[47]
- 29 November-10 December 2010: Meeting of the 16th Conference of the Parties (COP 16) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Cancun, Mexico.
- 31 December 2010: Expiration of the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC), an important tax incentive to promote the production of ethanol in the United States.
2009
- In 2009, the United States consumed 107 million tons of grain for ethanol production, "enough to feed 330 million people for one year at average world consumption levels", according to the Earth Policy Institute.[48]
- In 2009, approximately $6 billion was provided through tax subsidies for production of ethanol the United States.[49]
- 14 January 2009: The Guardian (UK) reports that Britain's Advertising Standards Authority banned a print advertisement by the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) due to a "misleading claim" that "biofuels offer a sustainable alternative to oil".[50]
- 26 January 2009: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) founded in Bonn, Germany.[51]
- March 2009: The European Union places tariffs on imports of biofuels.[52]
- March 2009: "[E]thanol lobby group Growth Energy and 54 ethanol manufacturers" request the U.S. EPA to approve sales of 15% ethanol (E15) for use in motor vehicles.[53]
- April 2009: Council of the European Union adopted Directive 2009/28/EC which aims for 20% of the EU's final consumption of energy to come from renewable sources by 2020 and 10% of each member state's transport energy consumption to come from renewable sources.
- 23 April 2009: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) approves specific rules and carbon intensity reference values for the low-carbon fuel standard (LCFS) to go into effect 1 January 2011.[54]
- 16 June 2009: The U.S. Global Change Research Program, a consortium of thirteen U.S. federal scientific agencies, releases the report, "Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States," raising awareness of ongoing and future climate impacts.
- 26 June 2009: Passage by the United States House of Representatives of the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, which would cap carbon dioxide emissions.
- 28 July 2009: Reports indicate that the there will be an extension for an additional year on the moratorium on purchases of soya grown in deforested areas of the Brazilian Amazon.[55]
- 12 November 2009: The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels releases "Version One" of its "international standard for better biofuel production and processing."[56]
- Target year for United States consumption of ethanol to reach 11.1 billion gallons under the (US) national Renewable Fuels Standard.[57]
- 30 November-11 December 2009: Copenhagen, Denmark, COP15 Meeting of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; anticipated to result in a new international agreement on climate change.
2008
- 2008: Target year for US consumption of ethanol to reach 9 billion gallons under the (US) Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007.[58]
- Ethanol production capacity of United States reaches 8.06 billion gallons.[59]
- 7 February 2008: Two studies published in Science magazine ("Land Clearing and the Biofuel Carbon Debt" and "Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases through Emissions from Land Use Change"), indicate that land-use change associated with production of biofuels leads to increased net carbon emissions, thus challenging a major point advanced by biofuels proponents, that biofuels are "climate friendly".
- 3-7 March 2008: Washington International Renewable Energy Conference (WIREC 2008) held in Washington, D.C., USA; various pledges were made by participating countries, including The United States, which pledged that 7.5 percent of electric energy use "will come from renewable resources by 2013."[61]
- 15 April 2008: Under the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), all vehicle fuel sold to consumers in the United Kingdom must contain 2.5% biofuels.
- May 2008: Massachusetts-based Verenium Corp. opens the first demonstration-scale cellulosic ethanol plant in the United States, in Jennings, La.[62]
- 3-5 June 2008: U.N. food summit, the "High-Level Conference on World Food Security: the Challenges of Climate Change and Bioenergy," held in Rome, Italy.
- 3 July 2008: The Guardian (UK) reports that an unpublished World Bank report concluded that biofuels "have forced global food prices up by 75% - far more than previously estimated". (Source: "Secret report: biofuel caused food crisis")
- 6 July 2008: World Bank President Robert Zoellick reportedly calls for reform of biofuel policies in rich countries, including a reduction in mandates, subsidies and tariffs.[63]
- 7 July 2008: The UK Renewable Fuels Agency (RFA) issues the "Gallagher Review", which concluded that the "introduction of biofuels should be slowed until effective controls are in place to prevent land use change and higher food prices."[64]
- 28 July 2008: Report of Task Force on the Global Food Crisis convened by CSIS calls for revision of the U.S. approach to biofuels "to reduce dependence on corn" and to adopt "new sustainability criteria to assess the life-cycle costs and carbon requirements for alternative biofuels." (Source (PDF file))
- 13 August 2008: The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels (RSB) releases "Version Zero" draft of the "Global principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production", for use during a six-month period of stakeholder comment in preparation for release of the first official standards in early 2009.
- 9 September 2008: Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) issue a "Biofuels Sustainability Scorecard". (Source: IADB press release.)
- 25 September 2008: Sustainable Aviation Fuel Users Group created by manufacturer Boeing and nine airline companies.
- 6 October 2008: National Biofuels Action Plan (PDF file) issued by Department of Agriculture and Department of Energy in the United States.
- 4 November 2008: Ethanol and clean energy supporter Barack Obama elected president of the United States.
- 17-21 November 2008: International Conference on Biofuels: Biofuels as a driving force of sustainable development held by Brazilian government in São Paulo, Brazil.
- 15 December 2008: U.S. President-Elect Barack Obama's selection of physicist Dr. Steven Chu for Energy Secretary indicates likely strengthening of U.S. efforts to pursue cellulosic ethanol.[65]
- 31 December 2008: Target date for expiration of U.S. 54-cent-per-gallon import tariff on ethanol.
2007
- 1 January 2007: Legislation in The Netherlands comes into effect mandating 2% biofuel content for gasoline and diesel. [66]
- 23 January 2007: President Bush, in his State of the Union Address, calls for achieving utilization of 35 billion gallons of alternative fuels within the United States in 10 years (by 2017).
- 23 January 2007: Governor Schwarzenegger signs Executive Order S-01-07 establishing the Low Carbon Fuel Standard, with implications for the greenhouse gas balance of biofuels to be used in California.
- 19 December 2007: U.S. President Bush signs into law the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, mandating a sixfold increase ethanol usage in the United States by 2022.
- 2007: Adoption of the resolution on "Forests, wood and energy" by the Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe.[67]
2006
- 31 January 2006: U.S. President Bush, in his State of the Union Address, highlights a number of alternative energy goals as part of the Advanced Energy Initiative To Help Break America's Dependence On Foreign Sources Of Energy, including:
- Alternative fuels: accelerating research for "cutting-edge methods of producing 'cellulosic ethanol' with the goal of making the use of such ethanol practical and competitive within 6 years."
- "The Biorefinery Initiative": $150 million proposed for the 2007 federal budget for promotion of new technologies for producing fuel ethanol from cellulosic (plant fiber) biomass ("bio-based transportation fuels from agricultural waste products, such as wood chips, stalks, or switch grass"[68])
- Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations issues the report Livestock’s Long Shadow, assessing contributions of cattle and other livestock to greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental issues.
- Adoption of National Biofuel Policy in Malaysia.
- OECD estimates that in "the US, Canada and the European Union government support for the supply and use of biofuels" is "about USD 11 billion". (Source: 2008 OECD press release)
2005
- Consumption of ethanol in the United States in 2005 reaches four billion gallons.(Citation needed)
- November 2005: Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) issues "Principles and Criteria for sustainable Palm Oil Production (PDF File)"
- US Energy Policy Act of 2005 mandates use of 7.5 billion gallons of renewable fuels annually by 2012.
- Implementation of the Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) (providing a 51-cent credit for each gallon of ethanol for blending with fuel) in the United States.[69]
2004
- April 2004: Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) created to promote use of sustainable palm oil.
- U.S. institutes Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) to support blending and sale of biofuels.
2003
2002
2001
1997
- 11 December 1997: Adoption in Kyoto, Japan, of the Kyoto Protocol under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
1996
- Forest Stewardship Council issues "Principles and Criteria for Forest Stewardship," a potential model for criteria to determine sustainably produced bioenergy.
1992
- U.S. energy law sets goal for "30 percent of the fuel used to run U.S. cars and trucks...[to] come from ethanol, natural gas, hydrogen, electricity or other replacement fuels" by 2010. (Source: U.S. sees delay in big rise in alternative motor fuels)
1985
- United States begins Conservation Reserve Program (CRP).
1981
- Renewable Fuels Association formed in the United States.
1978
- IEA Bioenergy established by the International Energy Agency (IEA).
- Tax incentives for ethanol proposed by US President Jimmy Carter, primarily for national security reasons.
1973
- Nebraska Farm Crops Utilization Committee begins tests of alcohol blends. The committee later becomes the Nebraksa Gasohol Commission.
1947
- Alcohol plants built for the war effort are sold for scrap, despite interest in ethanol production for fuel and chemicals.
1942
- Synthetic rubber production from alcohol promoted by farm lobby. Oil industry opposes this, but is exposed by Sen. Harry Truman's war investigating committee. By 1944, 3/4 of all US rubber production is from alcohol.
1940
- Ethyl Gasoline Corp. loses anti-trust lawsuit brought by Justice Dept. for anti-competitive behavior.
1937
- Agrol plant opens in Atchison, KS as part of the Chemurgy experiment. About 2000 service stations across the Midwest use the 10% alcohol blend in gasoline. Plant is bankrupt by 1939.
1935
- First Farm Chemurgy conference in Dearborn, MI, sponsored by Henry Ford. Chemurgy seeks new uses for farm products, such as ethanol as an outlet for surplus corn, through scientific research.
1932
- Leo Christensen and others in Iowa State University's chemistry department advocate use of alcohol blends as anti-knock fuels and for Depression-era farm relief.
1921
- General Motors researchers discover anti-knock effect of tetra-ethyl lead. Leaded gasoline, as it comes to be known, displaces most US ethanol anti-knock blends. GM and Standard Oil Co. of NJ form the Ethyl Gasoline Corp. as a 50-50 joint venture.
1918
- Scientific American reports: "It is now definitely established that alcohol can be blended with gasoline to produce a suitable motor fuel..." Two years later, the magazine reports "a universal assumption that [ethyl] alcohol in some form will be a constituent of the motor fuel of the future."
1906
- Civil War tax repealed; President Teddy Roosevelt signs a bill allowing tax-free use of industrial alcohol on June 8.
1861
- Alcohol taxed; $2.08 per gallon tax imposed on beverage and industrial alcohol in stages between 1862 and 1864 as part of the Internal Revenue Act to pay for the Civil War. The tax was meant to apply to beverage alcohol, but without any specific exemption, it was also applied to fuel and industrial uses for alcohol. "The imposition of the internal-revenue tax on distilled spirits ... increased the cost of this 'burning fluid' beyond the possibility of using it in competition with kerosene..," said Rufus F. Herrick, an engineer with the Edison Electric Testing Laboratory who wrote one of the first books on the use of alcohol fuel.
1860
- German inventor Nicholas August Otto uses ethyl alcohol as a fuel in an early engine because it was widely available for spirit lamps throughout Europe. He devised a carburetor which, like Morey's, heated the alcohol to help it vaporize as the engine was being started. A patent application was turned down because the carburetor was considered to be well established technology.
1834
- The first U.S. patent for alcohol as a lamp fuel was awarded in 1834 to S. Casey, of Lebanon, Maine, but it is clear that alcohol was routinely used a fuel beforehand.
1826
- Samuel Morey uses readily available alcohol in the first American prototype internal combustion engine at the surprisingly early date of 1826. Morey's work was lost in the enthusaism for the steam engine and a lack of funding. No other internal combustion engine would be developed until Nicholas Otto began his experiments 35 years later.
| Bioenergy timeline | edit | |
| Future goals: 2030 - 2025 - 2022 - 2020 - 2018 - 2017 - 2015 - 2014 - 2013 - 2012 - 2011 - 2010 Past developments: 2010 - 2009 - 2008 - 2007 - 2006 - 2005 - 2004 - 2003 - 2002 - 2001 - 1996 - 1992 - 1981 - 1973 - 1947 - 1942 - 1940 - 1937 - 1935 - 1932 - 1921 - 1918 - 1906 - 1861 - 1860 - 1834 - 1826 | ||
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